Definition of SMEs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6477 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction To Literature Review: Literature Review is done by knowing a clear definition of SMEs, its role in the Indian economy. Then it is carried out by analyzing the definition of project management and its significance in the SMEs, and next the definition of project and its factors affecting the success of a project was discussed. This chapter also deals with the staffing of a project manager, project team and also about the effective skills required for a project manager to implement successful project management methodologies into an organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Definition of SMEs" essay for you Create order This literature also covered by the critical analysis of effective risk management through Project Management practices in Small and Medium Enterprises in India, here mainly it was discussed about the types of risks that an organization encounters while establishing/choosing a vendor, and ways of analysis this risks through project management techniques. This chapter also explained about the ways of implementing a project management methodology into an SME and effects that a SME might face of implementing the project management tools and techniques. Definition Of Smes: SMEs can be defined in different forms due to broad mixture in business. A company is generally distinguished as a small or medium enterprise based on the total number of employees, total turnover and the balance sheet of the company. A company is considered as a small firm if it has 50 employees with an annual turnover of about 5.6 million and an annual balance sheet of 2.8 million. On the other hand, a firm is said to be a medium firm when it has a total of 250 employees with a turnover of about 22.8million and a balance sheet of 11.4million (company act 1985, Duke Ghosh, 2009). Role Of Smes In Indian Economy: SMEs are most vital part in the sustainable economical growth and participating in a long run of development of industrial sector from the past few years, SMEs are considered as a stepping stone for industrial growth. It has ability to transfer technology and modernization which brings economic success in this modern era. In the development of better and greater economic growth, competition, flexibility and good communication are the required parameters, for this reason SMEs are becoming like of mixture of competitiveness within the economy while providing flexibility and better communication system to the complete industrial structure. (Duke Ghosh, 2009) Recently the dimensions of the SMEs are seems likely to be increasing due to the government promotions and also its encouragement towards the goal of SMEs. The growth of the entrepreneurial sector have been raised from 870,000 businesses in 1981 to nearly 4 million by 2003 by the identification of importance and its development by the government of India. And it stood next to gigantic agricultural sector in providing the employment opportunities (Boulton and Turner, 2005). This SMEs are acting like a job providing engines, which indirectly raising the per capita of the nation economy. Such firms make significant contributions to private sector employment and output, which appears to be increasing overtime (Storey, 1994). The following diagram show the growth and the position of the development of the small industries development as on 2003 according to SIDO Importance Of Smes To The Indian Economy SMEs, however defined, constitute the majority of all enterprises in most of the economies in the world (OCED, 1998). SMEs are not only acting as employment generator but also achieved outstanding credit in Indian economy by satisfying its core objectives and being as a supporting body to the large firms. This is one of the main reasons why the SMEs have gained more attention from the politicians, policy-makers and academics. However, between 1945 and the late 1960s there was little interest in small firms from either the government or academics. According to Mr. Pawan Kumar Bansal, Union Ministry of State for Finance, Bangalore; says that SMEs are playing a vital role in socio-economic policies of Government of India. Foreign earning and imports of foreign capital goods contribution have been developed by the socio economic policies of India (Mr. Pawan Kumar, 2007). SMEs were regarded as being poorly managed, badly organised and reliant on outmoded technologies to produce inferior products and services (Manson and Harrison, 1990). For this reason the Indian government have implemented many more SMEs policies for their development and mainly focused on promoting clusters of small firms and supporting the development of high-tech sector such as IT sectors and BPOs in Bangalore, and this policies have been very successful as a results many of the outsourcing companies from western countries are moving to India (Patrizio B, et. al, 2006). Starting with wide varieties of situations and approach, a huge amount of SMEs policies have been implemented in developing countries like India (Parrilli, 2005). Services have been the fastest-growing sector of the Indian economy over the past decades and helped to accelerate the overall growth rate of the economy, this services have also made Indias integration with the world economy through trade and capital flows (Uma Kapila, 2009). The phenomenal growth and export in the services like IT and BPO have placed India on the global map as one of the major players in the field of knowledge-based services this also helped to improve the performance of the other sectors of the economy in turn helping the overall development. Project Management And Its Significance: This literature says before knowing about the significance of project management in SMEs, it is important to explain the definition of the project management and its approach of implementing a project as follows: Project Management: The purpose of project management is to plan, organize and control all activity so that the project is completed as successfully as possible in spite of all the difficulties and risks. This process starts before any resources are committed and must continue until all work is finished. The aim is for the final result to satisfy the objectives of both the project performer and the customer (Lock, 2006, p. 1) It is known that projects differ from each other in more ways than one. They might differ in their structure, mode of operation, funds allocated or even the strength they comprise of or their criticality to the business (Heldman, 2005). Even though a similar project has been carried out in the past, the projects may differ in one or more aspects such as administrative, physical and commercial or a change in ways of working etc; managing projects is a part of every business and is quintessential for the smooth functioning and success of the project. Project Management includes all necessary activities needed to plan and execute a project (Lock, 2006). The two most important steps involved in going about a project are discussed below: Step 1: To decide what needs to be done before the initiation of a project. The next set of requirements from a project management perspective is to estimate the cost of completing the project and make sure there are necessary funds available to execute the project so as to bring name and revenue to the organization (Burke, 1999). People involved in planning the project need to ensure beforehand that they pick the right people to execute the project and make them aware of the responsibilities assigned to them. Project resources are the key to success in any project and its rarely a one-man team (Heldman, 2005). Therefore, a team that has an open-minded approach towards the project and all other people involved in the project and be prepared to motivate and be motivated throughout the length of the project. This will encourage teamwork and commitment in what they do. One of the key things to ensure higher rates of success in a project is to choose the right mix of people and the right level of management looking for process improvement and thereby providing value added services to customers. This in turn helps organizations improve their efficiency and help them to stay on top of its competitors (Baron, 2005). Every person involved needs to be updated by project leaders and start the chain of communication to ensure adequate buy-in and at the same time commit to managing their expectations from the project. The main aim of communication is to keep everyone updated about any latest developments that take place and keep them engaged (PMBOK, 2004). Provide clear briefs to people involved in the project to obtain commitment on work and deliveries (Baron, 2005). The support of sponsors is very important by making them commit to your approach. (Burke, 1999) Meeting the expectations of the stakeholders, meeting of objectives and requirements, meeting budget, meeting deadlines etc (Jeston and Nelis, 2006). Step 2: We live in a competitive world where every firm attempts to make optimum use of resources and to be better than their competitors. This brings the area of proper planning and execution of the project. The main objective of planning a project well is to schedule and chart out the complete work for the project and then ensure arrangements are in order for work to start and continue as per schedule (Burke, 1999). For a project to be successful and be admired, it should complete on schedule. The project needs a leader who takes the final decision with the consent of all members in his/her team. He/she should portray the courtesy to listen to subordinates even when the opinion is not being considered or implemented (Heldman, 2005). People who carry out the project should be taken into confidence and spoken to regularly. Most importantly, a project should have clarity about its scope, objectives, responsibilities, cost and accountability, scope for improvement should be considered and stockholders should be kept in confidence (PMBOK, 2004). The literature explains that the project management methodologies allow the project manager to allocate and make more work done with less people and time, so it would be beneficial to the SME where it have very fewer people working. And also its make the organisation more effective by implementing more project in lesser time by providing clear control on the projects scope and changes and implementing them more effectively and efficiently. Project management improves the line of decision making; it also increases the quality of a project. SMEs can handle more projects by raising its business (Kerzner, 2003). Definition Of Project And Its Success Factors: Project: A project is a series of activities or tasks that have a specific objective to be completed within a determined specification; have defined start and end dates; usually funded and require resources (Kerzner 2003; Cooke-Davies 2001). When the project is said to be failed it is waste of capital, time and resource, a new lessons /techniques/methodologies have to be learned from the failed projects and the project manager/ project authorities have to continue for the new project. Project management is one of the methodologies which deals the projects in a systematic manner and says the following are the essential factors to be made to complete successfully with a project: Clarity In Project Definition: Project manager has to make himself/herself with a clear idea and definition of the project, but not only he/she but also to his/her project team. He/she have to make sure about the project specifications such as what the project is about its aim, objectives, and its deliverables, etc. For example we can talk about the case studies of some unsuccessful projects due to indistinct objectives and aims which are documented by Gray and Larson (Gray and Larson, 2002). Thus the chances of increasing project success lies in clear and distinct objectives and aims. Project Feasibility: It is one among the factors which talks about the social, economical, political, human, cultural, financial and environmental factors which underpins to the achievement of the project (Fullen, 2005). According to Khatib this factors would produce a good result for a project which undergoes a serious study, specified aim and objective and allocation of time (Khatib, 2003). Consistent feasibility makes a project manager to define himself with a clear and well project aim, time specifications, and allocation of resources. A positive feasibility brings more chances to lead a project success. Planning: According to Kerzner project planning; in general, can best be described as the function of selecting the enterprise objectives and establishing the policies, procedures, and programs necessary for achieving them. It can be described as a forecasting the environment and predefined course of action (Kerzner, 2003 ). According to Kerzner, there are four basic reasons for project planning: Elimination or reduction of uncertainty. Improving the efficiency of the operation. Understanding a better understanding of the objectives. To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling work. (Adapted from Kerzner, 2003) Work Breakdown Structure (Wbs): The important task to be done by the project manger after project planning is dividing the work into manageable tasks. The work breakdown structure is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables (PMBOK, 2004). The work breakdown structure also explains complete scope of the project. The WBS divides the work into small tasks which are manageable and will have a specific responsible authority will be allocated, it will be in a manner of integratable so that the total work package is the summation of subdivided elements, and it will be as much as easy to be measure in terms of progress like estimating cost, scheduling, monitoring, and controlling (Kerzner, 2003). Involvement Of Project Stakeholders: Project stakeholders are the individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. They may also exert influence over the projects objectives and outcomes (PMBOK, 2004). Project stakeholders are also a part of the project success, to ensure this success the project team have to identify their requirements, expectations, and their influence on the project. Stakeholders may have various levels of authority/responsibility on the project; they may vary from occasional contributors to full sponsors for the project. Stakeholder who ignores this responsibility can have a damaging impact on the project objectives. Likewise, project managers who ignore stakeholders can expect a damaging impact on project outcomes (PMBOK, 2004). The above figure shows that every individual project is similar to the structure of the earth where in each sector plays an important role here the most interior structure is project manager who forms the base of any project. The project manager forms the integral part of a project management team along with whom he carry on the project. The project manager and the project management team together comprises of a project team where in this team wholly concentrate on the project that is to be taken. These three together works for the satisfaction of the stakeholders interested in the completion of the project it may comprises of the senior management of the company the owners and the clients of the company. Staffing The Project Manager And Project Team: As mention above to my literature the successful project includes; on time delivery, must come across stakeholders expectations, within budget and have to congregate the project deliverables (Cooke-Davies, 2004). Project manager is one who plays a vital role to mix all stuff to formulate the project to a success. Project manager is the individual ultimately responsible for managing and leading the project to its successful conclusion (Paul D, 2005). It is a role that entails a mix of competencies, combining management with leadership and political awareness (Pinto, 2000). Though understanding the role of project manager sounds good, but the upper management always find difficulties in the selection of a correct project manager. Project management is said to be successful only if the project manager and his team are totally dedicated to the successful completion of the project. This requires the project team and project manager must have good understanding of the fundamental project requirements (Kerzner, 2003). For this reason the upper management have to look up/focus at the following skills in the selection process from the individual to appoint him/her as a project manager: (this are requirements demanded by a SME in its advertisement for a facilities planning and development project manager (adapted from The New York Times, January 2, 1972) (source: Kerzner, 2003) Business Management Skills: If project management is itself an organization, as the whole project group will work as a solo unit for the achievement of a common goal, then the project manager is the CEO of this organization. So the organization skills are predominantly important during project development. With strong business management skills, he/she must be able to achieve the most excellent hysterics across teams and in the midst of all project resources of the organisation. It requires defining the reporting relationship, responsibilities, line of control, and information needs. A good program plan and a task matrix are useful organisation tools plus clear defined program objectives, open communication channels, good program leadership, and senior management support (Kerzner, 2003). Leadership Skills: Project manager is the one who has to manage his/her team and make them to follow him/her, has to act as a leader. He/she has to have a clear project leadership and own direction to direct the team members. He/she must be able to solve the conflicts, assistance in problem-solving, as a project leader he/she as to represent his/her team to upper level management. He/she as to motivate the project team members towards common vision. Project manager as a leader has to remain as a inspiration to his/her project team (Kerzner, 2003). Technical Skills: Technical skills is an superlative addition remark for a project manager, if his proficiency applicable to the project, by this he/she can have good thoughts and understanding about the projects and can work out more for his/her profound project objective (Horine 2005; Murch 2001). Now a day this skills achieved a greater importance, without technical skills a project manager cannot understand the present market, updated technology and the environment of the business. With the help of these technical skills one can understand the consequences or technical risks that encounter in the project, for example a software engineer being as a project manager and handling a software development project can easily sort the risks that appear in that project. He/she can make sure of his/her project team with a clear understanding of the foreseen risks that may appear in the project. According to Kerzner, 2003 the technical expertise is composed of the following understanding: Technology involved Engineering tools and techniques employed Specified markets, their customers, and requirements Product application Technological trends and evolutions Relationship among supporting technologies People who are part of the technical community (Source: Kerzner, 2003) Communication Skills: Another important skill set must be posed by the project manager is communication skills. Project manager influence people o take action, this requires an ability to communicate in a style appropriate for the individual concerned (Paul D, 2005). Project manager is the communication channel throughout the project. Project manager is effective means of communication hub between the project team and the end users. Project manager have to act as a communication radio and have to carry the stakeholders expectations towards the project team and have to bring the project to a successful effective end. Moreover, a successful project manager ensures smooth information sharing across teams via instilling a communication-driven environment that allows for efficient spread, user-friendliness and use of information. Conflict Resolution Skills: No project end up successfully without any conflicts, there might be foreseen risks or conflicts between the project team members or conflicts between project team and stakeholders. So this is the main reason that the project manager, the CEO of project management organization has to possess the problem solving skills/conflict resolution skills. Project success lies with how well the project manager solves the problems/conflicts. Soundness of the solution taken by the project manager with a logical and analytical thinking conforms how well the project manager good at reaching the project to a successful end. However these conflicts are beneficial to a project which indirectly increases the competiveness among the team members involved the project (Kerzner, 2003). Project Management Experience: Implementing successful project management lies in the hands of able project manager, so the project manager is responsible character and must possess prior project management experience in general. Project management is body of knowledge which can be learned from the realistic knowledge, but its not a skill which comes by itself. A well qualified project manager will be very much able to implement a successful project management into an organization. Past knowledge makes a manager to overcome all the challenges that he/she face in completing a project by using project management. Other Skills: There are so many other skills such as planning, resource allocation, management support building, and time management skills, etc, which make the project manager to lay his/her path successful in controlling the projects successfully. Not only this but also the entrepreneurial skills and administrative skills are very important in understanding the tactics and implement them in his/her own project and make the project victorious (Kerzner, 2003). A Critical Analysis Of Effective Risk Management Through Project Management Practices In Small And Medium Enterprises In India: Risk: Vose (2008, p. 3) defines the term risk as a random event that may possibly occur and, if it did occur, would have a negative impact on the goals of the organization. Thus, a risk is composed of three elements: the scenario; its probability of occurrence; and the size of its impact if it did occur. Any risk could prove an organisation wrong in its quest to achieve success. Risks can occur in various forms and their impact can vary under a lot of factors. In a high cost business environment that is under fierce competition from companies not just on a national, but also on a global level, the chances of risks arising multiply quickly and heavily (Crouhy et al., 2000). A firm can easily lose its name in the market because they had overlooked a miniscule drawback that their competitors overcame. Therefore, risks not only carry financial implications with them, but also other factors such as brand image, market credibility or loss of market share. To analyse and understand these implications, it is necessary to understand the types of risks and their varying characteristics (Flynn, 2008). Click and Duening (2004) have come up with a list of the various types of risks such as human capital risks, Confidentiality risks, overall project risks, and scope risks, delay risks, estimation risks and dependency risks may occur in the business. In addition to this there might be property (intellectual), legal, value related or unavoidable natural risks that generally exist and arise in a business. Types of risks: Human capital risks This has always been an important part of the business activity. People who work towards organizational goals are the most critical assets of the firm and the project (Beasley et al., 2004). A loss of an employee who was very important to the smooth functioning of a project can be a risky proposition because a new individual joining the project would need time to understand and evaluate a lot of factors contributing to the project. This would invariably lead to loss of productivity, a slump in team morale or even loss of time and money (Flynn, 2008). Project risks These risks arise because of a lot of other risks contributing to the main risk of a project being delayed or even shelved in certain cases. There have also been instances where proper planning and regulation were absent or goals misunderstood leading to extended timeframes to complete the project thus leading to increased investments of critical resources (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A very good example of project risks can be seen in Government funded public projects or even military developmental projects where public time and money is involved. Confidentiality risk: The second most important risk that may appear in dealing a project is confidentiality risk, it mostly appear due to lack of secrecy. This is especially for the large projects. The information have to be kept confidential, if not the competitors with large team members may understand the work flow/formulae of the project and be able to built the project earlier as before you can. We must be careful especially when we involve contractors or outsiders into the project. Effective project management may help in having a good communication line among the team members, marketing staff, and contractors; this may helps to keep the information confidential (T Kendrick, 2009) Scope risks: This is another type of risk which mostly appears when the project starts to take a shape. This is due to requirement of a new technology, unfamiliar developments of tools or methods, poor testing criteria, inconsistent specification, undefined product definition, and technical complication (T Kendrick, 2009) Delay risks: Delay risk is part of schedule risks and these are after scope risks, these risks mainly appear due to the delay of the essential parts required for a project, it include customs, Paperwork, delivery, and related concerns. This is also due to the delay of information needed, communication gap and misunderstanding among the team members/ project stakeholders, etc. Due this factor the project may delay for some days, months or may be for years (T Kendrick, 2009) Estimating risks: Estimating risk appears mostly in technical projects. Project manager mostly says the typical risks arise in the project is estimating risks. Estimating risks occurs when there are learning curves ( when the quality of estimates of new technology, or new people involvement is not good), judgements (misunderstanding, disintegration of work), and imposed deadlines (forceful deadlines set in advance, when an objective is retained) (T Kendrick, 2009) Dependency risks: Other projects, infrastructure factors, and legal issues are three sub categories of dependency risks. In general large project are sub divided into small projects and mostly these small project will be dependent on the other, unfortunately when one small project is delayed/stopped the other projects which are dependent on it will be delayed. Even for the interfaces that were defined in advance, delay was fairly common due to the uncertainty in each project (T Kendrick, 2009) The above section has detailed the different types of risks that normally exist or co-exist in projects. Their modes of occurrence and the impact they can have on the project and the firm has been explained in brief. The following part would attempt to explain ways that firms, projects and managers involved employ to analyse and manage the same since the occurrence of a risk can pose a threat to the above in terms of time, money or even failure to deliver what has been promised. Analyzing And Managing Risks: Ways to manage risks with limited impact on other resources: Risks are present in abundance in any IT and outsourcing industries because of the processes being tightly interlinked such as business processes, database, or process reengineering. Therefore, it is very important to: Identify risks. Weigh risks for probability of risk occurring. Weigh risks for criticality/impact at your operations. Plan to reduce risk (to zero if appropriate, for example for a safety critical industry) (Sanchez Canton, 1998). A simple way of explaining risk analysis is to take an airplane for example because the traveler, who is the user, has zero tolerance to risks. In similar manner, risk analysis can be carried out for other products and services too. The most important indicative risks are business continuity management risks, information security/data privacy risks and process related risks (Lock, 2001). The need to evaluate and monitor risks involved from an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) perspective takes higher priority over other means of analysis in the information age of business (Flynn, 2008). It can be seen in the ERM diagram below the different risks across the entire organization that exist or arise and the need for them to be managed effectively (Beasley et al., 2004). An important reason firms should stress on analysing risks is the realization that risks delay chances of sticking to time schedules agreed by project leaders to customers in turn; leading to increased investment of resources in the form of man hours and time (PMBOK, 2004). This causes increase in investment of capital, which is something neither customers nor firms involved like to do. Risks occur at every stage of a project thus increasing stress on carrying out risk analysis and minimize the effects of risks on a given project. It means that risks and errors still occur when thorough analyses of their occurrence have been chalked out and steps have been implemented to minimize the effects they have on a project (Burke, 1999). However, prior knowledge of a risk occurring at a given period in the project enables people involved to counter the risk effectively and minimize or erase the impact it could have had on the project. Before the project could be initiated, assessing risks by knowing in exact what the project intends to do and the reason for it to be outsourced becomes very important. This could include assessing project behaviour under varying market conditions and the expected growth rate it can attain within a given period of time (Dickson, 2003). Risks need to be analyzed in a detailed manner by the top management in order to understand the various options available to conduct a cost-benefit analysis. This understanding and analysis becomes significant in implementing a sound risk management plan. A project taken up poses as a risk in itself to explore opportunities that lie waiting on the other side. Therefore, threats need to be minimized and opportunities explored to be successful (Beasley et al, 2004). Risks have been known to cause serious effects on any part of the project irrespective of its size or in some cases, the project itself. Some major names are known to have ignored this small but effective word that has spelt doomsday for reputations built over a long period of time. In todays world of fierce competition, there lies little difference between waging war and doing business (Vose, 2008). Ways Of Analysing Risks: Risks can be analyzed through various means. One best way is to conduct an analysis and know the strengths and weaknesses of the project taken up along with those involved in the project namely suppliers, customers or its stakeholders. A complete knowledge of their working patterns and practices, their stance in the market and in relation to the project takes centre stage in analyzing potential risks (PMBOK, 2004). Several changes in operating models and dispersed global footprints of corporations have brought about risks that need to be managed effectively. The three most important aspects of management in solving risks using project management are: To analyze: Project management also stresses the importance of proper documentation. It helps avoid any confusion and non-delivery that may arise in the duration of the project. It brings out a clear picture of what deliverables need to be fulfilled and any quality expectations stakeholders have from the project. This will help people involved in the project to analyze what went wrong very easily because by following a step-by-step process, it is simpler to identify errors and make appropriate changes without much loss of time or other accompanying resources (PMBOK, 2004). To resolve: Project management includes several activities and it is very important to ensure the smooth functioning of all ongoing or forthcoming activities to make the project a success. It can be also seen that a project is not only about proper planning and execution but also about identifying associated risks because the different parties involved in a project need to do proper research and be aware about the strengths, opportunities as well as the weakness and threats of the particular project. Organizations generally employ methodologies to guarantee themselves success in their projects (Vose, 2008). To implement: It is known that success can be guaranteed by the kind of management support that a particular project can draw from the firm across all sectors right from planning to implementation (PMBOK, 2004). The result is to possess unprecedented power to rapidly eliminate waste, achieve substantial cost effectiveness in the project and ensure overall improvement. What is required is to measure and check for any potential errors, make required alterations and improvements and then review it constantly. Perfection of something is usually seen once execution starts. There is always a need to improve continuously through learning and it helps improve knowledge and reduce repetition of errors (Burke, 1999). After evaluating ways to manage projects in a diversely competitive market, it is imperative to understand that the element of risks arising in a project is eminent too. Therefore, the definition of risks and ways to manage the same will bring about a 360 degree view of a small and medium sized enterprise implementing Project Management practices in its mode of work. The following parts of the literature will show readers the importance of risks and Project management practices in the Indian market. The literature on risks also explains the different types of risks and what areas of the project and the organisation they could affect if not managed efficiently. Implementing Effective Project Management In Smes: A project has to be successful when it satisfies the following requirement: Delivering On time. It must be up to stakeholders expectation. Maintaining the entire mentioned requirement and satisfying the clients. It must be within budget. (Horine 2005; Lewis 2005) To maintain all the above requirements the company have to implement good project management techniques. Though it is complex and seems hard-hitting to maintain project management set of knowledge in SMEs, SMEs are still trying to put down their hands to implement/follow the methodologies to work out/handle more projects and implement them effectively To implement good project management, SMEs have to follow a systematic planning approach which has to be suitable for it: To suits such criteria At first the SMEs have to appoint a project manager who has a prior work experience in project management or who already worked out for such type of management in his/her past. He/she must maintain particular qualities as mentioned above. After appointing a proper project manager he/she takes 2 to 3 months time to understand the environment (such as types of projects dealing with and already implemented) of that SME. And then the project manager have to look at the project he/she is going to deal with and must understand the project aim, objectives, specific outcomes, definite start and end date, and established budgets. (Stanley E. Portny, 2007) With the support of senior management the project have to plan the project outcomes, activities, schedules, resources, and must organise a project team and other key people. The project manager have to organise a project team or key people on the basis that he/she have to identify the number of required people, and look at their person profiles whether they are suitable for that particular project or not The project manager has to develop a training methodology that the project team have to be trained within a limited time period. During this period the project manager has to collect/develop a planning process to initiate the project. Project manager has to conduct meeting with the senior management and project team to deal with initial project process and collecting information and activities required for the process. Depending on the meeting and the feedbacks the project manager have to prepare a work break down structure and have to divide the project into smaller and manageable tasks. After establishing a work break down structure and the project manager have to prepare a flow chart indicating the relationship between the tasks and have to complete the project mapping, he/she have to draw a Gantt chart for scheduling the various project tasks and their outcomes. The senior management have to select a project to test drive the project plan and the best practices to implement it. Now when the senior management allocates the initial budget the project starts under the title. The project manger has to collect the feedback to their performance from the senior management and stakeholder and have to appraise his team to dedicate their complete ability. A project manager has to keep the track of the project at the regular interval and has to check whether the task are being completed as per the time allotted and try to complete the project and close it in the time allotted. According to Stanley E. Portny for small projects the entire project process takes few months and every project entails five distinct types of works: (Stanley E. Portny, 2007) Conceive : coming up with new idea, implementing methodology , etc Define: developing a plan, mapping the process, drawing the relationship between the tasks. Start: selecting a team, proper training, maintaining good communication between the team members. Perform: doing the work under title. Close: ending up the project, on time delivery to the clients. Effects Of Implementing Project Management In Smes: The investigation of implementing project management in SMEs, even though its sounds good and helps in making the organisation successful, there are some effects that might have impact on the SMEs. In SMEs most of the projects are small and similar whose duration of the project is less than 12 months and the budget of the project not more than $1.5million. These kinds of projects do not require more than four cost centres and level 3 is the maximum work break down level (Kerzner, 2003). So the project management methodology in implementing SMEs project will be different when compared with the project management large company whos deals with the large projects. Because of the limited resources available to smaller companies, it becomes difficult for it to appoint a separate project manager and hence a manager in small companies need to play multiple roles like functional manager, project manager etc. Whereas, larger companies can afford to spend more by appointing a separate project m anager and it is crucial for a larger company to have a separate project manager as the projects dealt by them are on a very huge scale. Generally most of the companies do not do more than one project at a time and this makes it easier for project manager to do his job efficiently, but the small companies deal with more than one project at a time and so the project manager in SMEs must be ready to face new challenges as he would be handling more than one project at a time. If any project undertaken by SMEs fails then there is chance of company shutting down and hence the top level management controls all the projects because of this fear. Larger companies can afford to miss here and there as they have the capacity and potential to come back with a bang. Apart from all the literature says Project estimation in SMEs is generally accurate because the projects are generally small projects i.e., less time and less money and hence planning and implementation is very easy when compared to that of larger companies (Kerzner, 2003).

Persuasive Essay On Abortion - 917 Words

Abortions in Texas consist of ending a pregnancy of an unborn child before it can live out of the mother womb. However if the pregnancy ends not on purpose before the twenty four week mark then technically it would be considered a miscarriage. Though inducing the abortion on purpose has caused a lot of controversy over the past century. Deliberately putting people on one of two sides of this issues, of either being for it, which would be considered Pro Choice. Or in the other category of the Pro Life, at which considerably means it is individuals that are against abortion and often go based on religion to believe against it. However often being in these categories does not specifically label you as a specified individual with specific†¦show more content†¦This case took place in Texas because of the a Texas resident named Roe challenge the government of trying to have a abortion even though at that time abortions in Texas were only legal if an abortion was intended to be us e for saving a women’s life, not of just having a abortion because you want to. The case made it to the Supreme Court which concluded in effecting all the laws throughout the United States, in other words in was a milestone that basically legalized abortions across the Nation. However, as more time continued the laws and restrictions of the issue increased, now making abortions a difficult process to achieve. The reason why it causes such an abundance of problems is because of what fifty six percent of the population believes according to a study conducted in the United States of whether people are Pro Life or Pro Choice. As mentioned, not until this year more than half of the country was for this. The issues that usually come up with these groups are that abortion is murder. The killing of a unborn individual in a mothers womb is just not what is allowed in the Bible. People also believe the women that is the carrier should not have the right of letting their child to die because of her choice, the fetus is a human being too, having also the right to his or her own life. Another belief is that the mother should have the responsibility of the life given to her, insteadShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Abortion993 Words   |  4 Pagesin two peoples perspectives. The story consisted of a daughter (Deb) and mother’s perspective after the death of her father. The purpose of thi s layout is to show how they are both grieving in individual ways. Writing for the persuasive was presented as an essay on why abortion should be accessible in every country, and to also outline the shame women receive. Purpose Purpose for writing publication- Purpose for writing a real-estate article was to inform a potential buyer on the house showed. AlsoRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with, there has always been an extensive issue with the topic of abortion, why? Well, it’s a tough subject and can get extremely emotional and very defensive. Honestly, people just need to open up their eye’s and understand that its murder and not just a choice. It is murder because two can create a blessing and the choice of aborting it, is more like a sacrifice for the reason a mother can’t carry a baby for nine months. Whether a person is a minor, young adult, or an adult and is inRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead these babies are torn limb by limb, burned, and many other tortuous methods to end the precious life. Abortion is murder and is not only very cruel to the unborn baby but it also harms the mother. Pro-choice is an escape from the harsh reality that a baby is being murdered, and in my eyes a life should only be terminated if God himself is ready to call them home. One reason why abortion is wrong is because they are many other safe solutions that would give the child a chance at life. AdoptionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1635 Words   |  7 Pagessolve this issue the option of abortion was brought to the forefront by scientists and advocates such as Dan Savage who mentioned that abortion should be mandatory for the next 30 years in or to control the population. (Ertlet) For countries such as the U.S. with a growth rate being 1.6%, the proposal of widespread abortion is highly recommended as mentioned by obstetricians and gynecologists. (MumfordKessel) Who now leaves the question as to if the option of abortion should be used as a means ofRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion pregnancies each year in the United States, 1.6 million end up in abortion† (Hern). Because of the numerous traumatic psychological, physical, and overall irresponsible behavior or actions constantly encouraged due to aborti on, it should be banned, and forever illegal. Killing one’s own fetus has been linked to psychological distress which has been channeled into many different cases of substance abuse. â€Å"Induced abortion has been linked to increased rates of substance abuse, especially amongRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily with someone. Often times accidents happen in which people didn’t plan for, and can lead to many financial problems or neglect of one’s child because the parents weren’t prepared to be parents. This is why there should be the option of abortion. Abortion needs to be an option for everyone because it helps from long lasting mental states, infection, economical problems, and or having conceived from a non consensual circumstance. Pregnancy is a hard and unforgiving to the woman’s body. In factRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion954 Words   |  4 Pagesand nations who destroy life by abortion and euthanasia are the poorest. I do not say legal or illegal, but I think that no human hand should be raised to kill life, since life is God’s life in us, even in an unborn child.† Do you know what abortion really is? Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. Abortion seems to be more common in today’s society. Numerous amounts of individuals support abortion, and do not realize how it affectsRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay736 Words   |  3 Pagesfavor of abortion rights. The decision was 7-2, it stated that it showed a â€Å"right of privacy.†Abortions have been performed for thousands of years all around the world, even though many women died from it. Women nowadays have a choice of whether they want to get an abortion. Abortions do come with risk, one of them being death, but women should still have a right and say what they want to do with pregnancy and not be judged by others for doing so. Today the debate across the world is if abortion shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1653 Words   |  7 PagesStates, there is a right to have an abortion. The right to have an abortion affects not only women, but everyone. Some believe that the act of having an abortion is murder, yet, others do not believe anything to be wrong with abortion. The act of abortion has been an issue for many years. Is abortion â€Å"murder,† or is murder off the table, since the fetus is too young for developmental stages. Women of all ages have the right to abortion; yet should it be legal? Abortion is a significant topic, becauseRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1410 Words   |  6 PagesIs abortion wrong? Does a fetus have rights? Should a woman have the right to abort if she decides she does n ot want to have a child? Should a father have a say in whether a fetus is aborted or carried to term? There are countless reasons a woman may choose to have an abortion. Abortion is a controversial and emotional topic that sparks a great deal of debate. Hearing facts will assist one in deriving a more knowledgeable stance on the matter. There are several circumstances that may cause

Yeah Free Essays

Remember, these are brief outlines of my lectures and you are responsible for taking class notes, as questions will come from my discussion comments that give meaning to those points. During lectures I will discuss some background information you do not need for the exam, which means the other issues I discuss are fair game for the exam. This Is a major Incentive to come to class, pay attention, and take good class notes. We will write a custom essay sample on Yeah or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you do not take notes, how can you remember my comments 3-4 weeks later for an exam? See â€Å"General announcement # 2† general announcements (click it) for instructions About 20 or more questions will come from text reading review assignments – for this exam these Logic Kernel chapter Word reviews: 1 (Logic), 2 (constitution), and 11 (voting, elections campaigns – answer only questions 1-19. ) – these review questions re your only text reading responsibility for exam 1. When I provide chapter reading review questions like this, know these are actual questions from which I will randomly select some for the reading portion of the exam. I will not ask anything else from the chapter other than the reading review questions provided. This eliminates mystery surprise regarding exam contents. Especially for you freshmen, this is harder than it looks, and will take a number of hours to look up the answers in the text. Study them carefully and you will have no problem with the reading questions oration of the exam. Since I have given you the actual reading questions, I will not give you the answers before the exam, so do the best you can; this is a learning exercise. When you buddy up to study with others, do not trust the answers of others. Validate it with your own eyes or suffer the consequences if your buddy is wrong. If you find a bad question, email me your class time with the chapter question problem with your page reference, and I’ll check it out, but will not give the answer. I will be careful not to choose any that are inaccurate or confusing. There is o excuse for you to miss one of these questions if you study. If it was me, I would look up the correct answer and when confident, I would delete all the wrong answers so I am Just reinforcing the question and the correct answer when I study. My last tip is to manage-study both class lectures and reading reviews daily so not overwhelmed by cramming right before an exam – which does not work, as some will discover. (c) Website essay portions. 7-10 questions will come from my website essay reading assignment. To find this information, go to General Announcement # general announcements (click it) and follow those instructions carefully about the hyperlink there titled â€Å"why studying the U. S. Constitution, as well as national and state and local politics, is so important to each citizen. † You are only responsible on exam #1 for the specific items mentioned in its instructions. Another key word bullet outline assignment – then study your outline. (d) General Announcement # 5 general announcements (click it) provides specific study ideas for my exams. How to cite Yeah, Papers Yeah Free Essays Spring 2013 SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITYCourse Syllabus Course:ACCT 508- Federal Tax Accounting I Prerequisite:ACCT 301 with grade of C or better, or ACCT 303 with grade of C- or better. Professor:Tim Hurley, M. B. We will write a custom essay sample on Yeah or any similar topic only for you Order Now A. , J. D. , LL. M. Office:SCI 355 Office Hours:M 3:00-4:00, W 5:00-7:00, TH 6:00-7:00; by appointment Office Phone: E-mail:thurley@sfsu. edu Required Text:Hoffman Smith, Individual Income Taxes, South-Western Federal Taxation 2013 Spring 2013 SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITYCourse Syllabus Course:ACCT 508- Federal Tax Accounting I Prerequisite:ACCT 301 with grade of C or better, or ACCT 303 with grade of C- or better. Professor:Tim Hurley, M. B. A. , J. D. , LL. M. Office:SCI 355 Office Hours:M 3:00-4:00, W 5:00-7:00, TH 6:00-7:00; by appointment Office Phone: E-mail:thurley@sfsu. edu Required Text:Hoffman Smith, Individual Income Taxes, South-Western Federal Taxation 2013 Spring 2013 SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITYCourse Syllabus Course Description Federal Taxes I is a study of the Internal Revenue Code as it affects individuals and sole proprietorships. Basic competence in tax returns, terminology, and tax calculation are emphasized. Extensive coverage is given to tax accounting methods, rates, exemptions, credits, dependents, gross income inclusions and exclusions, capital gains and losses, deductions associated with a trade or business (including depreciation), and personal deductions such as charitable contributions, interest, taxes, and medical expenses. Married filing jointly, married filing separately, head of a household, surviving spouse, and single filing status are defined and explained. Course Goals: To provide the student with an in-depth look at U. S. federal income tax law with primary emphasis on income taxation for individuals * To expose the student to the authoritative sources of U. S. federal income tax law interpretation * To begin the development of necessary research skills * To make the student aware of the importance of tax planning in business and investment decisions Grading Components Component Possible Po ints Exam I 100 (approximately 21%) Exam II 100 (approximately 21%) Comprehensive Final Exam 140 (approximately 29%) Tax Return Assignments 65 (approximately14%) Aplia Homework 40 (approximately 9%) Participation 30 (approximately 6%) Total Possible Points = 475 Aplia You must sign up for Aplia. 1. Connect to http://login. cengagebrain. com/ 2. If you already have an account, sign in. From your Dashboard, enter your course key (DB3V-FC2F-GAY3) in the box provided, and click the Register button. If you don’t have an account, click the Create a New Account button, and enter your course key when prompted: DB3V-FC2F-GAY3. Continue to follow the on-screen instructions. Aplia is a course page designed by the publisher of the book but controlled by me where I will place the syllabus, homework assignments, practice questions, practice exams, etc. It gives instant feedback on the questions and is a great way to study for an exam. * Homework assignments are due on Aplia by Sunday at 11 :00 PM. * Homework assignments will begin with Chapter 3 (in week 3). * Aplia homework is worth 40 points. You will receive 40 points only if you complete all assignments when due and answer 50% of the questions correctly on each assignment. * Partial credit is awarded at the professor’s discretion. Email Requirement The University has assigned you an email address. You are on a class email list that I will use to send important information to you. Thus, you must know your university email address and check your email regularly. Academic Integrity Plagiarism is a form of cheating or fraud. It occurs when a student misrepresents the work of another as his or her own. Plagiarism may consist of using the ideas, sentences, paragraphs, or the whole text of another without appropriate acknowledgement, but it also includes allowing another person to write or substantially alter work that a student then submits as his or her own. Any assignment found to be plagiarized will be given a failing grade. All instances of plagiarism in the Department of Accounting will be reported to the Department Chair, and may be reported to the University Judicial Affairs Officer for further action. Special Learning or Physical Accommodations Policy If you have a disability and need assistance in any way, please let me know as soon as possible. This course adheres to San Francisco State University’s policy on the accommodation of disabled students. Classroom Policies To maintain an appropriate learning environment in the classroom, students must conduct themselves in a professional manner so as not to disturb other students or the instructor. Please be respectful to other students and to me by arriving to class on time, not sleeping, and not talking during class unless it is to contribute to a class discussion. If it is absolutely necessary to leave during class, then sit near the door. * No laptops. * Please turn off all phones before coming to class. * Texting during class is strictly prohibited. Please take the same seat for each class; it helps me to learn your names. * If class is canceled for any reason, the assignments for that day will be due in the next class. Make-up exams Exams will only be given during scheduled class periods. Make-up exams will not be given. If you have a scheduling conflict, then you need to drop the course. Withdrawal from Class If you should decide to drop or withdraw from this course or withdraw from the University, you must comply with the official procedures (confer with the Office of the Registrar) or receive a grade of â€Å"F† for this course. Students who stop attending class without officially withdrawing from the course receive a grade based upon the total points they have accumulated. Ordinarily, the result will be an â€Å"F† grade. Attendance / Participation / Homework Attendance will be taken at the beginning of each class meeting. If you do not attend class, it is likely that you will not pass this course. Taxation is not something that you can learn on your own and then take the exam. Like most Accounting courses, this is a problem-based course. At the end of each chapter, you will find problems. In addition, I will post additional problems that we will work in class. It is essential that you work and rework these problems and that you are able to do them on your own before the exam without looking at the answers. It is expected that readings and problems will be completed prior to class. Students should be expected to be called on in class, and students should therefore be prepared to discuss the assigned materials and problems from each class. Participation – Generally, I will ask for volunteers to help in class discussions and to assist me in working out homework problems. You earn the participation points for volunteering. If I do not get a volunteer, I will call on students at random. If I call on you and you are unprepared or ill prepared, you will lose participation points. Texting During Class – If you text during class, you will lose all participation points for that class. If this continues, on the third such occurrence, I will drop your grade one letter grade. Just because I do not call you out during class for texting does not mean that I did not see you. A few comments on grades and grading: * Failure to complete all course requirements will result in receiving a course grade of F. Extra credit is not part of the course grading plan. * Where there are close calls on grades, I will look to see if there is an improving trend and consider other positive factors in your overall performance such as class participation and conduct. * Students are encouraged to discuss concerns about their performance or course grades with the instructor at a ny time. * No grades will be provided or discussed over the telephone. Class Schedule This represents planned topics and problems; however, it will be modified as necessary to ensure that course material is covered adequately or to respond to special circumstances. The listing of assignments presented here is incomplete. Additions or deletions will be made as the semester progresses. Note that you must track the progress we have made and make sure you are prepared for class. Chapter Number| Topic| 1| An Introduction to Taxation and Understanding the Federal Tax LawAssignment: skim the chapter | 2| Working with the Tax Law (Read pages 2-1 to 2-19) Assignment: 11, 17| 3| Computing the TaxAssignment: 3,4,18,19,20,28,29,32,33,34,39(a);(b),42,44,47| | MIDTERM I (tentative) – 100 POINTS| | Gross Income: Concepts and InclusionsAssignment: 23 (answer only how much of the $9,000 annuity payment will be included in Betty’s income in 2000), 35, 52, 53, 56(a)| 14| Property Transactions: Determination of Gain or Loss, Basis Considerations, and Nontaxable Exchanges (Read 14-1 to 14-20)Assignment: 30, 36, 44, 51, 53(a)+(b),; Chapter 3 – 51| 5| Gross Income: ExclusionsAssignment: 8, 28, 29, 34, 48, 56(b)| 6| Deductions and Losses: In Gener alAssignment: 27, 34, 41, 48, 61| | MIDTERM II (tentative)– 100 POINTS| | Deductions and Losses: Certain Business Expenses and LossesAssignment: 33, 37, 56| 8| Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and DepletionAssignment: 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 49| 9| Deductions: Employee and Self-Employed-Related ExpensesAssignment: 33, 36, 42, 46, 48| 12| Tax Credits and PaymentsAssignment: | COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM – 140 POINTSMay 23 10:45 – 1:15| How to cite Yeah, Papers

Fair Work Commission of Australia

Question: Discuss about the Fair Work Commission of Australia. Answer: Introduction The fair work commission of Australia commenced on 1st July, 2009, initially. FWC came into operations on 1st January 2010. This commission in Australia was recognized under the Fair work act, 2009 (Fair works commission, 2017). FWC is basically about overseeing and building the relationships at new work place among the existing employees. The fair work commission is an independent body that has authority and power; hence it can regulate the provisions relating to the employment condition, any of the enterprise bargaining, dispute resolution, making and approval of the industrial agreements. The fair work commission functions in such a way so that it creates a well-organized nation system for the regulation of the industrial relations in Australia. The powers and authorities of the industrial relations commission of Australia includes the following powers to: Deciding minimum wages; Tribunal awards; Approving agreements; Assessing the agreements using the overall tests; Assisting both the employers and the employees in resolving the disputes at the workplace; Dealing with the industrial bargaining and actions (Westacott, 2017). At the industrial level the enterprise agreements are made for the employers and the employees. FWC is based on the terms and conditions that are to be followed for the employment in particular industry. This is also called as collective agreement or the enterprise agreement. The role of the fair commission of Australia in making the agreement is that, it provides all the information about the procedure of making the enterprise decisions. Also, such information is collected and provided by the fair work commission so that it is assessed in a better way and hence approval of the agreements made is done by the fair work commission Australia. Fair work commission also deals with the industrial dispute that happens regarding terms and conditions mentioned in the agreement with employers and employees of the industry. Basically such agreements are made between one or more employers and for two or more employees (Bray, Waring, Cooper Macneil, 2014). The need of making the enterprise agreem ents is that it covers the award of industry and hence as a result by making such enterprise agreement the security for minimum wages and other employment conditions is achieved. In other words, the enterprise agreements can be altered by the fair work commission when it comes to meet the specific requirements relating to the particular enterprise or even occupation in the industry. Fair work commission has come up with such enterprise agreements that include the terms and conditions relating to the: Minimum wage rate of pay of the employees. The conditions relating to the employment that is the number of working hours, lunch break and overtime. Consultative proceedings. Settling the disputes resolution in the industry. Reasons for deduction in the wages of the employee for any purpose by the assigned authority (Fair Works commission, 2017). However, the exclusions from the role of fair work commission in making any of the enterprise agreement on the industry includes unlawful content that is for the cause of any kind of discrimination of the employees, objectionable terms and harassment of the employees within the industry (Bray Waring, 2014). This is the role of fair work commission in making of the agreements relating to the terms and conditions of the employers and the employees. The next is approval process of the enterprise agreements that has been formed by the fair work commission. The approval process for the enterprise agreements depends upon the type of the agreement that has been made. There are basically three types of agreement that is the single enterprise agreement, multi enterprise agreement and the Greenfield agreements. These agreements can be defined as follows: Single enterprise agreements: The single enterprise agreements are such that they include one or more employers for instance the structure of franchisees. Such that cooperating between them is essential. Such employers involved in the occupation are known as the single interest employers as per the fair work commission Australia. Multi enterprise agreements: These are such agreements made by the fair works commission that involves two or more than two employers who do not have any such single interest at all. They do not agree on the single terms and condition relating to the industrial tribunal. Such agreements are known as the multi enterprise agreements. Greenfields agreements: The Greenfield agreement is such that involves a genuinely new enterprise or occupation so that one or more employers are involved into establishing the purpose and who do not have employees or recruited employees yet for the normal conduction of the enterprises. In addition to it, it can be explained as the combination of both the single enterprise and the multi enterprise (Fair works ombudsman, 2017). The approval of the agreements is given by the Fair Works commission. The procedure of the approval process that involves the role of Fair works commission is as follows. The bargaining and negotiation on such types of agreements created is done and hence these agreements are proposed further for approval (Forsyth, Gahan Howe, 2011). There are certain measures taken by the fair works commission in the approval. This involves: The terms and conditions of the agreements made must be explained to the employer. It must be ensured by the employer that what can be the effect of the terms and conditions agreed (Angwin, 2017). Along with the approval of terms and conditions, these are to be explained to the employees also. Next step is the agreement of the content that the employers have agreed upon. The agreement contains the terms as follows: The issues relating the relationship between the employer and the employees those are included in the agreement made. The matters affecting the relationship between the employee and the employer in the organization that are included in the relating agreement (McPhail, Jerrard, Southcombe, 2015). Matter relating the deduction made from the wages of the employees for any of such purpose that is authorized by the employees those are covered in the agreement. Such terms on which the operation relating to the existing agreement are made. However, the agreement are approved by the fair works commission that are formed on or after 1st January do not include the terms that involves the superannuation contribution leading the funds of employees for superannuation funds (Wright Lansbury, 2016), until and unless that fund involves: Offering any super product. Fund is exempted for the public sector scheme. Fund defines the benefit to the relevant employees of the organization. After deciding the terms and conditions of the agreement the bargaining representative of the agreement must apply for the approval of the agreement to the Fair works commission. This approval can be filed on Form F16- under the head as application for approval of the enterprise agreement. This application must be filed within 14 days from the making of the agreement or any such time period allowed by the fair works commission. This application must be duly signed along with any declaration that is required under the rules of Fair works commission, 2013 (FWC official site, Australia). The next procedure for the approval by Fair works commission is that the terms and conditions within the agreement has to be satisfied by the commission or has to be taken into consideration for the agreements. These are as follows: The pre-approval steps regarding the agreement must be kept in mind. It is considered that the relevant employees have agreed upon the terms of agreement genuinely. The agreement does not contain any of the unlawful terms. The agreement satisfies the solution to settlement of disputes. Agreement involves the flexibility and the consultation clause. The agreement passes the overall tests. The Fair work commission approves an enterprise agreement that does not satisfies certain requirements of the Fair Works Act, 2009 and however satisfies the written agreement of the particular concern relating to an enterprise agreement. The terms and condition, such that the FWC approves the written agreement from the employer is based upon seeking the views on negotiation and bargaining (Townsend, Wilkinson Burgess, 2013). Along with this, when these conditions meets the requirements, it should not affect the financial issue to any of the employee in the organization. However, it should not result in any further changes in the agreement made. Conclusion Hereby, it is concluded that the Fair works commission approves the terms and conditions of the agreement seeking the decision of the agreement. This is the role of fair works commission in the making and approval of any of the enterprise agreement that has been made. The Fair work commission approves an enterprise agreement that does not satisfy certain requirements of the Fair Works Act, 2009. However, satisfies the written agreement of the particular concern relating to an enterprise agreement. References Angwin, M. (2017), EBAs are now just a blockage to productivity, Australian Financial Review, 14 February, p. 39. Bray, M Waring, P. (2014), Chapter 5: Employment relations, in R Kramar, T Bartram, H De Cieri, RA Noe, JR Hollenbeck, B Gerhart PM Wright, Human resource management in Australia: strategy, people, performance, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill Education (Australia), North Ryde, CQUniversity Course Resources Online. Bray, M, Waring, P, Cooper, R Macneil, J. (2014), Employment relations: Theory and practice, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Education (Australia), North Ryde. Fair Works commission, (2017), Fair Work Commission, Retrieved on: 3 April, 2017, Accessed from: https://www.australia.gov.au/directories/australia/fwc. Fair works commission, (2017), official website accessed on 2 April, 2017, viewed on https://www.fwc.gov.au/. Fair works ombudsman, (2017), agreements, retrieved on: 3 April, 2017, Accessed from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/awards-and-agreements/agreements. Forsyth, A, Gahan, P Howe, J. (2011), Weighty measures: bargaining in balance, Australian Financial Review, 15 November, p. 63. McPhail, R, Jerrard, MSouthcombe, A. (2015), Employment relations: an integrated approach, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne. Townsend, K, Wilkinson, A Burgess, J. (2013), Is enterprise bargaining still a better way of working?, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 100-117. Westacott, J. (2017), Enterprise bargaining on the brink, Australian Financial Review, 2 February, p. 34. Wright, CF Lansbury, RD. (2016), Employment relations in Australia, in GJ Bamber, RD Lansbury, N Wailes CF Wright (eds), International and comparative employment relations: National regulation, global changes, 6th edn, eds, Allen Unwin, Crowns Nest.

Us Involvement In World War Two Essays - , Term Papers

Us Involvement In World War Two America's involvement in World War Two When war broke out , there was no way the world could possibly know the severity of this guerre. Fortunately one country saw and understood that Germany and its allies would have to be stopped. America's Involvement in World War two not only contributed in the eventual downfall of the insane Adolph Hitler and his Third Reich, but also came at the precise time and moment. Had the united states entered the war any earlier the consequences might have been worse. Over the years it has been an often heated and debated issue on whether the united states could have entered the war sooner and thus have saved many lives. To try to understand this we must look both at the people's and government's point of view. Just after war broke out in Europe, President Roosevelt hurriedly called his cabinet and military advisors together. There it was agreed that the United states stay neutral in these affairs. One of the reasons given was that unless America was directly threatened they had no reason to be involved. This reason was a valid one because it was the American policy to stay neutral in any affairs not having to with them unless American soil was threatened directly. Thus the provisional neutrality act passed the senate by seventy-nine votes to two in 1935. On August 31, Roosevelt signed it into law. In 1936 the law was renewed, and in 1937 a ?comprehensive and permanent? neutrality act was passed (Overy 259). The desire to avoid ?foreign entanglements? of all kinds had been an American foreign policy for more than a century. A very real ?geographical Isolation? permitted the United States to ?fill up the empty lands of North America free from the threat of foreign conflict?(Churchill 563). Even if Roosevelt had wanted to do more in this European crisis (which he did not), there was a factor too often ignored by critics of American policy-American military weakness. When asked to evaluate how many troops were available if and when the United States would get involved, the army could only gather a mere one hundred thousand, when the French, Russian and Japanese armies numbered in millions. Its weapons dated from the first World War and were no match compared to the new artillery that Germany and its allies had. ?American soldiers were more at home with the horse than with the tank? (Overy 273). The air force was just as bad if not worse. In September 1939 the Air Corps had only 800 combat aircrafts again compared with Germany's 3600 and Russia's 10,000 . American military Aviation (AMA) in 1938 was able to produce only 1,800, 300 less than Germany, and 1,400 less than Japan. Major Eisenhower, who was later Supreme commander of the Allied forces in the second World War, complained that America was left with ?only a shell of military establishment? (Chapman 234 ). As was evident to Roosevelt the United states military was in no way prepared to enter this European crisis. Another aspect that we have to consider is the people's views and thought's regarding the United States going to war. After all let us not forget that the American government is there ?for the people and by the people? and therefore the people's view did play a major role in this declaration of Neutrality. In one of Roosevelt's fireside chats he said ?We shun political commitments which might entangle us In foreign wars...If we face the choice of profits or peace-this nation must answer, the nation will answer ?we choose peace' ?,in which they did. A poll taken in 1939 revealed that ninety-four per cent of the citizens did not want the united states to enter the war. The shock of World War one had still not left ,and entering a new war, they felt, would be foolish. In the early stages of the war American Ambassador to London was quoted saying ?It's the end of the world, the end of everything? ( Overy 261). As Richard Overy notes in The Road To War, this growing ?estrangement? from Europe was not mere selfishness. They were the values expressed by secretary of state, Cordel Hull: ?a

The Broken Record

The Broken Record Hate to sound like a broken record, but when I saw this quote, I hopped back up on that bandwagon I call diligence. Eighty percent of success is showing up.†Ã‚  - Woody Allen People are awfully sweet in complimenting me about my business savvy and ability to promote. Behind the scenes my husband shakes his head at my income. (You deserve to be paid more than you get for the time you invest.) Writers incomes are decreasing because of the huge number of writers in the mix, the ridiculous cost of ebooks which floods the market with free reading material, and the SEO writers around the world still willing to work for a penny a word. However, I cannot imagine not showing up to work each day. I love reading, writing, creating, and rubbing elbows with people who feel the same. So daily I rise and hit the keyboard. My duties include: 1) Researching material for FundsforWriters 2) Setting up appearances 3) Prepping material for online and in-person appearances 4) Tending social media and email 5) Writing on a novel 6) Seeking methods of promotion 7) Freelancing as the opportunities arise 8) Making notes about future books/articles To me they are all intermingled. One feeds the other, and frankly I love getting up and changing my mind as to what Ill do that day. But the bottom line is I show up every day. I write every day. During Thanksgiving, one of my sons asked, What have you done lately with your writing, because I know youve accomplished something new. You always do. Some days, however, I think its all for naught. Especially when I see others succeeding more than  me, or I hear nothing but negative on a given day; or worse, theres this big void of no response at all. But then a day dawns beautifully when I realize my work made it into another magazine, a book was chosen for an event/review/feature, my website landed me a public appearance. Some days I receive no reviews for my books, then other days I receive ten. This job is a yo-yo of the highest order. However, we never appreciate those grand days if we arent showing up for ALL days. Writing is a game of diligence, and while some days it feels like you are headed nowhere, in actuality, you are wearing down the resistance. The day will come when you realize all those thankless days of nothing were piling up and becoming days of worthiness.

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International business - Essay Example    Table of Contents    Sl. No. Title Page No. 1 1. Introduction   4 – 5 2 2. Entry Strategy   5 – 10    2.1 Rationale for choosing Indian Market       2.2 Entry Mode       2.3 Advantages of Chosen Strategy       2.3.1 Licensing Vs. FDI       2.3.2 Joint Venture Vs. FDI       2.3.3 Strategic Alliance Vs. FDI       2.4 Possible Risks of Adopting FDI    3 3. Conclusion   10 – 11    Works cited    1. Introduction Market entry is one of the most crucial strategic decisions that every business organization takes. Market entry can either be an entry into a new market within the country or entry into a foreign market. In both the cases, it is very important to have an effective planning regarding the market entry process because it determines the future of the company with regard to success in the new. This report will make a detailed look into the market entry strategy suitable for Reliance Retail, one of the largest retail com panies in India, to enter the UAE retail segment. Reliance Fresh is one of the largest retail companies in India. It is founded in the year 2006 and is headed by Mukesh Ambani, the wealthiest person in India. Reliance Fresh is part of Reliance Industries Limited which has interests in petroleum, power, chemicals, textiles, polyesters, telecommunications, polymers, natural gas and petrochemicals. Reliance Fresh had huge success ever since it was established in the year 2006. Reliance fresh currently has a network of more than 560 outlets spread over in India. (Reliance Industries Limited, 2011) Reliance Fresh was placed as a retail company focussed on selling fresh fruits and vegetables and thus named as Reliance Fresh. But recently the company had announced its plan to shift its focus from fruits and vegetables to emerge as a super market or multiband retail store. One reason for this decision is the political and social issues faced by the retailer in many parts of India regarding dearth of vegetables and fruits. Another reason is to rebrand itself as a multi-brand retail store. Therefore, the company is now gradually reducing its exposure of fruits and vegetables in their outlets. As part of the expansion plan, Reliance Fresh is planning to invest around Rs. 25000 crores in the coming years. Reliance retail now operates under several brands namely, Reliance Super, Reliance Footprint, Reliance Timeout, Reliance Jewels, Reliance Wellness, Reliance Mart, and Reliance Digital catering to the specialized needs of consumers. Apart from all these Reliance also operates the brand Reliance IStore which is a specialized store selling only the products of Apple Inc. Reliance Footprint is now one of the largest footwear retailers in the country. The store caters to all the income groups of the society. Reliance Jewels is its jewellery brand and has entered the jewellery market by setting up its stores in major cities of the country. Jewellery business is one of the most promising business segments in India. Similarly Reliance Timeout is now of the largest book store in India. (Reliance Industries Limited, 2010) As of now, Reliance is only confined to the Indian market. It is now time to take the brand to a global market. Expanding retail to a global market is not easier. The main reason is that the global organized retail sector is highly competitive than the Indian retail sector. This report is intended to make an analysis of the best strategy

Hamas - Terrorist Organization, Popular Amongst Its Populace Case Study

Hamas - Terrorist Organization, Popular Amongst Its Populace - Case Study Example This case study will make an attempt to delineate the fundamental nature, reality, existence and objectives of an approach, popularly termed as â€Å"terrorism†, that is radically opposite to the Gandhian philosophy. In order to achieve the goal of this study, a terrorist group called â€Å"HAMAS† has been selected to be studied as the case. At the outset, it may be pertinent to understand the term â€Å"terrorism†. As per Federal Bureau of Investigation, Terrorism has been defined as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Usually, terrorists - the proponents and practitioners of terrorism, aim unlawful use of force to terrorise the group that, in normal conditions, does not endorse their ideologies. In recent times, organizational terrorism, one of the variants of terrorism has arisen in almost all parts of the globe and have remained in the spotlight from quite sometime. Majorly, terrorism is centred around the effort to draw the attention of the governments to the cause of these organizations. Universally it is believed that such terrorist groups or organizations lack political support or social backing. As per one of the Hadiths (utterances and practices/decisions of Prophet Mohammed, Hadiths were collected after his death and they help with respect to the interpretation and understanding of the Quran – the Holy Book): â€Å"The Day of Judgment will not come about until Moslems fight Jews, when Jew will hide behind stones and trees. The stones and trees will say, O Moslems, O Abdullah there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him. Only Gharkad tree, would not do that because it is one of the trees of the Jews† (Hamas Covenant 1988). Article Seven of 1988 covenant as per which the radical Islam group called Islamic Resistance Movement or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya – Hamas in abbreviated form, was formed.  

Peotry questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peotry questions - Assignment Example It is an old gunnery term which indicates the time that passes between the firing of a gun and its explosion. More specifically, it refers to early weapons which required a lit match or cord to be held, then touched to the weapon to explode the gunpowder upon command, thus literally "hanging" or "holding fire." Explain what this idiom suggests about the speaker's situation. In particular, look at the lines, "There is nothing I want to do / and too much / that has to be done," simple but eloquent lines midway through the poem. Answer: The title â€Å"Hanging Fire† symbolizes that the character in the story is just waiting for her end because of sickness and she just cannot do anything about her situation. Robert Frost, â€Å"Home Burial† (pages 1020-1023) 1. Who are the two speakers in the poem and what is the basis of their conversation? How does their physical situation (the actual setting of the poem) indicate their emotional relationship? Answer: The two speakers in the story are the husband and the wife and the basis of their conversation in the death of their son at the backyard of their house one winter time. The actual setting of the story indicates that they are having a difficulty with their relationship in relation to the death of their son. Matthew Arnold, â€Å"Dover Beach† (page 704) 1. This poem has a speaker and a listener.

Reducing The Incidences Of Malnutrition Nursing Essay

Reducing The Incidences Of Malnutrition Nursing Essay -Reducing the incidences of malnutrition that often occurs during admission to hospital has been a priority within the nursing care profession for many years. There have been various explanations for this such as lack of staff, patients not able or are unwilling to admit they require assistance, poor use of assessment tools and care pathways. A key factor in the prevalence of patients presenting with malnourishment is the disturbances patients endure during mealtimes, such as ward rounds, non urgent medical interventions, housekeeping activities and visitors. This essay will explore the incidences of malnutrition, and those who are most at risk and the changes that have been made to reduce such incidences. Change management should be regarded as an ongoing process, which requires good communication, planning, positive leadership and cooperation. This essay will endeavor to explore the change management processes, leadership and team management skills used in the implementation of protected mealtimes. It will explore the negative aspects and problems encountered when implementing a change and the ongoing management skills required to maintain such changes. For many patients admitted to hospital, in particular the elderly, malnutrition is a common occurrence. It is the nurses fundamental duty of care to provide patients with the highest of care possible, a major requirement for any human being to survive and live a healthy life is the intake of a healthy nutritious diet, be that by conventional methods or artificial measures suitable for the patients state of health at that time (Royal College of Nursing 2007). Studies into hospital malnutrition show that as many as four out of ten elderly patients admitted to hospital are already malnourished and as a result of a hospital admission as many as six out of ten elderly patients, become malnourished, their situation worsens and their illness very often escalates (Age Concern 2006; BAPEN 2007). The NHS Improvement Plan (2004) set standards to deal with the increasing incidences of malnutrition within hospital settings; it has become apparent that these examples of good practice recommendatio ns have not been implemented in every hospital in the country, as incidences of malnutrition continue to exist. Davidson and Scholefield (2005) reports that inadequate nutrition can lead to longer hospital stays, impairs the recovery of patients and increases financial costs; several hospitals have indeed planned and implemented changes to reduce such incidences but on the whole have had limited success. The authors found that constant interruptions from drug, rounds, clinical activities and lack of nursing staff being on the ward at mealtimes (due to lunch breaks coinciding with mealtimes) all accounted for patients being provided with very little or on occasion no nutritional intake at any given mealtime. Savage and Scott (2005) does agree with this statement to some extent but argues that it is all to easy to blame nursing staff alone, it is the responsibility of each individual NHS trust to implement managerial changes and policies and ensure that they are monitored, evaluated a nd improved to provide the best care possible for each patient. Mamhidir et al (2007) argues that since the implementation of protected mealtimes in some hospitals there is substantial evidence to suggest that patients, particularly the elderly benefit immensely; patients gained weight, healing time reduced, were discharged earlier and mealtime experiences were a more pleasant experience for patients as well as nursing staff. Mooney (2008) argues that there is evidence to suggest even after hospital trusts have been presented with unarguable evidence that malnutrition is a major problem and a catalyst for longer hospital stays, only 43 percent of those trusts have not yet provided evidence that they have implemented schemes in order to reduce hunger and malnutrition. The Hospital Caterers Association (2004) further comment that mealtimes should not primarily focus on the provision of nutrition, it also makes way for social interaction between patients and carers, they further commen t that in general the quality of the food provided is not the issue, the inability of the patient to be able to feed themselves is far more the worrying issue. Council of Europe (2003) comment that hospitals should be designed to be patient centred, ensuring that the delivery of nutrition is flexible and all deliverance of care is set within a framework; all staff should work together in partnership to ensure that incidences of poor nutrition are dealt with. Repetitive reports of malnourishment is evidence enough to suggest that current practices are no longer working, change is a necessary force to ensure incidences are reduced. It is the responsibility of the leader to ensure this is tackled (Age Concern 2006). Change Management can be described as the process of developing a planned approach to change within an organisation. The objective should be to maximise the collective benefits for all stakeholders involved in the change and minimise the risk of failure implementing the change. Change involves assessment, planning and evaluation; changes in which people are nursed should always be focused on the benefits patients will receive if change is implemented (National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence, 2007). Welford (2006) writes that there are many theories which explore the need for change; the goal should be the provision of the highest quality of care, each individual involved in the delivery of such care should work together, be committed and supportive of each other during times of change. Change within a team which leads to new practices and ideas affects each individual differently; it can be a very daunting task for some and for others it is embraced to allow for personal development and the sharing of knowledge (Murphy 2006). There are many theories which uses steps or phases that can evaluate if a change is needed and if the changes that are implemented work. For the purpose of this essay the author refers to a popular theory developed by Lewin in the 1950s which requires three stages to implement effective change the acceptance and participation of all those involved in the area requiring change. The first phase, commonly referred to as the unfreezing stage of this theory requires the participants to acknowledge the need for change; evidence should be provided to encourage new thinking and beliefs about current practices. Hallpike (2008) writes that there is evidence to suggest that teams can be divided into groups who have their own individual opinion on certain regimes, practices and care deliverance. This can be said for the provision of nutrition to patients. In this particular study the author reports that some team members did not think the re was a problem with the current provision, some were not convinced that changes would be made and others did not have faith in a holistic approach across the team. In this situation it is the responsibility of the team leader to persuade all the team members that the need for change is necessary in order to provide the best service possible, that the whole team work towards a common goal. Welford (2006) discusses the second phase of Lewins theory; describing this stage as the moving stage, allowing individuals to voice their own ideas, experiment with different regimes, it allows time for reflection, to discuss positive or negative findings. Past practices may have seen some team leaders adopt the belief that employees were seen to work better when the leader provided strict job descriptions and a clear plan of what was expected of them; their opinions and ideas were not of value to the overall success of a team. Major (2002) argues that for a leader to adopt such thinking will on ly lead to flaws and a feeling of negativity within a team; the leader should adopt good communication skills and openness to allow for effective team building, positive group dynamics, all working efficiently and productively. Dennis and Morgan (2008) suggests that although change is the responsibility of the service provider, input from the service user is without doubt a valuable tool in assessing if a change is working for the greater good. Feedback, regardless of being positive or negative ascertains if the change has been a positive one. If the new change has a detrimental affect to the service user then the change has been a negative one, this requires a return to the freezing stage to allow the team to make further changes to increase the benefits to the service user. The authors further comment that managers should be seen as advocates for the service user; it should be the responsibility of the manager to challenge team members over poor practice, poor attitudes and resist ance to change for the better. Conflict within a team leads to unrest, a disbelief that change is for the greater good leading to a dysfunctional team. The third phase of Lewins theory can be commonly referred to as the refreezing stage, where new ideas and behaviours become a new or common practice. Pearce (2007) argues that to name this phase as such denotes that the change remains static, leaders should continuously strive to make changes for the better, communication across the whole team allows for individuals points of view to be exposed and discussed; feedback on how a new change is working is necessary in order to achieve the highest levels of quality care. Leadership styles become a key issue when developing, implementing and upholding change. Motivation of staff also plays a key role in the acceptance of change; leaders should demonstrate that they are a good role model, adopt a friendly attitude towards team members, accepting of criticism and be willing to provide positive feedback, when the team endeavour to believe in and implement the change (Darlington 2006). Corkindale (2009) argues that leaders need balance their role within a team to ensure that they do not become too over familiar with individual team members, as this may lead to team members relying too heavily on the leader to make all the decisions and authority may be compromised. Murphy (2006) writes that leaders need to adopt a style of leadership that suits the workforce; a laissez-faire approach can be seen as the leader not taking into account individual team members ideas, work ethics and commitment seriously, it can lead to a team feeling devalued and unorganised. The National Institute for Mental Health (2007) further suggests that leaders who show their commitment, by working alongside their colleagues, adopting and maintaining the changes themselves demonstrates a leader who is at the forefront in the deliverance of quality care. They further suggest that each leader will bring their own set of ethics, life experiences and education to a team, will often adopt their own style of leadership that may be a mixture of several styles moulded to suit the team and the area of practice they are employed to manage. Opportunities for team members to voice their opinions and concerns are invaluable; they are after all the main implementers of the change and wil l have be the first to recognise if the change has gained positive or negative results. The change can only work if leaders allow for reflection, discussion and adaptation of the change to suit each individual involved in the change process. A change that is difficult to implement or maintain will end in failure, this leads a team adopting negative feelings and a resistance to change in the future. Goleman (2000) suggests that to adopt an authoritarian approach, can at times be a positive approach to leadership especially if some team members resist change or there is a need to produce quick results. Goffee and Jones (2000) disagree with this statement and suggest that a good leader is someone who other people want to follow without bullying, threats or the fear of reprisals; they lead by communicating effectively and adopt a style of leadership that allows the team to understand what is expected of them. RCN (2007) writes that the only way malnourishment can be identified and managed effectively is with effective use of recognised screening tools.Perry (2009) argues that in many cases nursing staff are given the means and tools to assess a patient, but many are inadequately trained to understand the findings of the assessment or are unwilling to involve other health professionals in the care of the patient. A multidisciplinary approach to tackle such problems should be used. Protected mealtimes have been proven to be useful to not only the patient but to the whole care team, it allows for assessment in areas such as speech and language, mental health issues and other physical problems which can affect the nutritional intake of individuals. South Staffordshire Primary Care Trust (2009) reports that protected mealtimes affects and involves all staff within in the organisation from physiotherapists, domestic staff, maintenance staff through to outside professionals such as social worker s. It involves all areas of clinical practice where patients require nutritional intake, not only for patients who are unable to feed themselves but for those patients who require and deserve a quiet, interruption free period to eat, drink and relax. To maintain and monitor the change process and may require several attempts before the target is reached. takes time and may not always be successful first time. National Patient Safety Agency (2008) states that many clinical staff referred to the implementation of protected mealtimes as a hindrance to their daily routine, but once the benefits for patients as well as the staff members were explained they became more compliant and understanding for the need to change.